Amazon Aurora Postgresql
AWSOfficialPublished by AWS
- Skill
- Tool integration
- Cloud and DevOps
- Apache-2.0
- Low risk
- Has scripts
AutoGineer summary
Written by AutoGineer from the skill’s own files, not by the author
Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL provides a structured approach to managing Aurora PostgreSQL clusters, offering sub-skills for cluster creation, serverless capacity planning, storage optimization, commitment-based cost analysis, and version upgrade planning. It includes safety guardrails for resource mutations and utilizes specific scripts for sizing and financial modeling. The skill is designed to route user requests to the appropriate domain-specific instructions while ensuring consistent resource tagging and adherence to AWS operational best practices.
What it does
- Provisions Aurora PostgreSQL clusters using either express or full configuration workflows.
- Analyzes Aurora serverless capacity requirements and ACU sizing.
- Evaluates the cost-benefit of switching to I/O-Optimized storage.
- Compares Reserved Instances and Database Savings Plans for cost optimization.
- Provides guidance and checklists for major and minor version upgrades.
- Applies mandatory resource tagging and safety guardrails for all cluster operations.
When to use it
- When you need to create or modify an Aurora PostgreSQL cluster.
- When planning capacity for Aurora serverless or evaluating ACU scaling.
- When assessing whether to switch to I/O-Optimized storage.
- When comparing Reserved Instances versus Database Savings Plans.
- When preparing for a major or minor PostgreSQL version upgrade.
Advantages
- Automates complex configuration decisions through a structured decision matrix.
- Provides consistent, script-based financial analysis for cost optimization.
- Enforces safety guardrails to prevent accidental production impact.
- Ensures standardized resource tagging for all created infrastructure.
- Simplifies connection management for express-configured clusters via IAM auth.
Usage examples
- “I need to set up a new Aurora PostgreSQL database.”
- The agent identifies the request as a cluster creation task, determines whether to use express or full configuration based on your requirements, and guides you through the provisioning process.
- “Should I switch my cluster to I/O-Optimized storage?”
- The agent evaluates your current I/O usage against the 25% cost threshold rule and provides a recommendation on whether the switch is cost-effective.
- “Help me compare Reserved Instances and Savings Plans for my cluster.”
- The agent runs a commitment pricing analysis to show potential savings over 1-year or 3-year terms based on your specific instance type and region.
- “How do I plan for a major version upgrade of my Aurora PostgreSQL cluster?”
- The agent provides a pre-upgrade checklist, recommends a target version, and suggests a blue/green deployment strategy.
Install
Download the skill as a ZIP:
https://mp-staging.autogineer.com/agent-skills/aws/amazon-aurora-postgresql/downloadUnzip it into the cross-client skills folder of your project:
mkdir -p .agents/skills && unzip amazon-aurora-postgresql.zip -d .agents/skills
Documentation by AWS
Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL
A modular toolkit for Aurora PostgreSQL organized as a registry of sub-skills. Each sub-skill handles one domain of Aurora PostgreSQL work. The router matches user intent to the right sub-skill, then loads only the references needed. (For Aurora MySQL, use the amazon-aurora-mysql skill.)
Operating procedure (follow in order)
Route — match the request to a sub-skill using the Trigger phrases column (match on meaning, not exact wording), then confirm with the When to route here column.
Load —
file_readthe matched sub-skill'sreferences/{id}-instructions.mdand announce the path. Do not answer a matched sub-skill from general knowledge alone.Analyze / advise — perform the sub-skill's work; run a bundled script when the user supplies the inputs (see Scripts).
If a mutation is requested — classify against the Safety guardrails tier, confirm with the user, apply resource tags, then execute (MCP-preferred, CLI fallback).
Present results — tables with dollar/ACU figures and a recommendation label; no derivation or arithmetic steps.
Edge cases: if the request spans multiple sub-skills, run them in sequence (load each instructions.md in turn). If no sub-skill matches, answer directly from Aurora PostgreSQL knowledge. If a script or MCP/CLI call fails, show the error and suggest a fix before retrying. The numbered Global rules below are details that hang off these steps.
Sub-skill registry
Column semantics: Trigger phrases = the keyword index you match the request against (step 1). When to route here = the decision logic confirming the match. Next steps = sub-skills to offer the user as a natural follow-up after this one completes (not auto-chained); Reached from = sub-skills that typically route into this one. Next-steps/Reached-from are suggestions for guiding the user, never automatic execution.
| ID | Name | When to route here | Trigger phrases | Reached from | Next steps |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
create | Create Cluster | Routes Aurora PostgreSQL cluster creation requests. Express configuration (single API call, no VPC) is the default — routes to express-create. Routes to full configuration when VPC, custom KMS, custom params, or a specific engine version is required. | create a cluster, new database, set up Aurora PostgreSQL, get started, need a PostgreSQL database, provision | — | express-create, serverless-advisory, io-optimized |
express-create | Express Configuration | Provisions Aurora PostgreSQL serverless via the single-API-call express flow. AWS-managed connectivity (no customer VPC). IAM-only authentication via Internet Access Gateway — no master password. Post-creation connection is via IAM auth token (aws rds generate-db-auth-token). Use when no VPC, custom KMS, or custom parameter group is required. Routes back to create for full configuration needs. | express configuration, express create, internet access gateway, single API call, Aurora PostgreSQL serverless quick start, no VPC, IAM auth token, how to connect to express cluster | create | — |
serverless-advisory | Aurora serverless Advisory | All Aurora serverless questions: ACU sizing, scale-to-zero behavior and compatibility, provisioned→serverless migration, capacity planning, and feature constraints. | ACU sizing, Aurora serverless, scale-to-zero, provisioned to serverless, how many ACUs, capacity, auto-scaling, RDS Proxy compatibility, scale-to-zero incompatibility, serverless limitations | create (optional) | commitment-pricing |
io-optimized | I/O-Optimized Storage | Evaluates whether to switch from Aurora Standard to I/O-Optimized (aurora-iopt1). Uses the 25% I/O cost threshold rule. | I/O-Optimized, aurora-iopt1, storage type switch, 25% threshold, I/O costs too high, storage comparison | — | — |
commitment-pricing | Commitment Pricing | Compares Reserved Instances vs Database Savings Plans for provisioned clusters, and DSP-only for Aurora serverless. 1yr vs 3yr analysis. | Reserved Instance, RI, Savings Plan, DSP, 1yr vs 3yr, commitment, cost optimization, overpaying | serverless-advisory (optional) | — |
upgrade-planning | Upgrade Planning | Major and minor version upgrade planning for Aurora PostgreSQL. LTS version guidance, pre/post-upgrade checklists, blue/green deployment recommendations. | upgrade, version, LTS, pre-upgrade checklist, post-upgrade, major version, minor version, end of life, deprecation | — | — |
Express vs Full configuration — decision matrix
When routing a create request (sub-skill create), pick the path with this matrix. Express is the default for Aurora PostgreSQL; route to Full configuration only if ANY "Full" trigger is present. Don't present the choice to the user — decide, then state which path and why.
| Requirement / signal | Express | Full config |
|---|---|---|
| Default PostgreSQL create, no special networking | ✅ default | — |
| Quick start / "no VPC setup" / "ready in seconds" | ✅ | — |
| Customer VPC, subnet group, or specific security group | — | ✅ required |
| Customer-managed KMS key (CMK) | — | ✅ required |
| Custom DB cluster parameter group at creation | — | ✅ required |
| Specific engine version pinned by the user | — | ✅ required (intent to pin = not express) |
| Aurora MySQL | n/a | use amazon-aurora-mysql (express is PG-only) |
Notes: any single Full trigger disqualifies express — name every trigger you matched in the routing statement. Express clusters are still customizable after creation (e.g. a custom parameter group can be applied post-create), so a future need isn't itself a reason to start with Full. Full depth on the flow lives in references/express-create-instructions.md and references/create-instructions.md — load those for the actual steps.
Global rules (apply to every sub-skill)
Execute, don't just suggest. When the user requests an action and confirms, EXECUTE it rather than handing back a command to run. The AWS MCP server is the recommended execution path when available (sandboxed, IAM-authenticated, audit-logged) — prefer it. When MCP tools are not available (e.g. Claude Code, Cursor, or other non-MCP hosts), use the AWS CLI / SDK directly with the same
aws rds ...operation. Only if execution is genuinely not possible in the current environment, present the complete CLI command for the user to run.Confirmation before mutation. MUST confirm with the user before any create or modify operation. Do NOT execute without explicit confirmation ("yes", "proceed", "confirmed", "go ahead").
Resource tagging (always apply on resource creation). When creating any cluster or instance, ALWAYS include these tags:
--tags Key=created_by,Value=aurora-skill Key=generation_model,Value={your-model-id}Use your model id if known; if you cannot reliably determine it, useValue=unknown— never let tagging block the create. Include these tags even if the user does not mention tagging. If the user provides additional tags, append these to their tags.Safety guardrails.
Tier 1 — Confirm (a yes/no confirmation is enough; no risk briefing required):
create-db-cluster,create-db-cluster --with-express-configurationcreate-db-instancemodify-db-cluster --serverless-v2-scaling-configuration(ACU scaling)modify-db-cluster --backup-retention-periodmodify-db-cluster --deletion-protection/--no-deletion-protectionmodify-db-cluster --enable-cloudwatch-logs-exportsmodify-db-cluster --preferred-backup-windowmodify-db-cluster --enable-http-endpoint(Data API)add-tags-to-resource,remove-tags-from-resource
Tier 2 — High-impact: state the specific risk, THEN confirm (spell out the impact before asking; do not call any API until the user confirms with that risk in front of them):
modify-db-cluster --storage-type— no downtime for most instance classes; requires restart for NVMe/Optimized Reads instances (r6gd, r6id, r8gd). Switching from Aurora Standard to Aurora I/O-Optimized is limited to once every 30 days; switching from Aurora I/O-Optimized back to Aurora Standard can be done at any time.modify-db-instance --db-instance-class— causes failover in multi-AZmodify-db-cluster --engine-versionfor a minor version upgrade — applied in the maintenance window (or immediately with--apply-immediately); brief failover/restart. State the target version and the restart impact, then confirm. (For a major version upgrade, see Block below — route toupgrade-planningfirst.)Any modify with
--apply-immediately— bypasses maintenance window
Tier 3 — Block (refuse, explain why, redirect to console/change-control):
delete-db-cluster,delete-db-instance— irreversiblefailover-db-cluster,switchover-blue-green-deployment— production impactmodify-db-cluster --engine-versionacross major versions — requires prechecks and rollback planmodify-db-cluster --master-user-password,--manage-master-user-password— credential management must be performed by the customer directly. Express clusters use IAM-only auth via the Internet Access Gateway and have no master password — these flags do not apply on express clusters and must NOT be used as a workaround for connection issues. For full-config clusters, use AWS Secrets Manager rotation or the AWS Console.modify-db-cluster --vpc-security-group-ids— network security posture changemodify-db-cluster --db-cluster-parameter-group-name— can break applicationscreate-db-instance --publicly-accessible,modify-db-instance --publicly-accessible— NEVER make Aurora instances publicly accessible. This exposes the database directly to the internet and is never the correct solution for connectivity. See secure connection alternatives below.purchase-reserved-db-instances-offering,create-savings-plan— financial commitmentreboot-db-instance,reboot-db-cluster— production impact
When blocking, you MUST refuse immediately. Do NOT call any AWS API. Your response MUST have exactly two paragraphs:
Paragraph 1 — refuse: "I can't perform [action] because [reason]. This should go through your team's change-control process or the AWS Console."
Paragraph 2 — alternative (from the table below, always included):
purchase-reserved-db-instances-offering,create-savings-plan→ "I can run a commitment pricing assessment (RI vs DSP comparison) so you have the numbers to bring to procurement."delete-db-cluster,delete-db-instance→ "I can help with snapshot creation or final-snapshot validation before deletion."modify-db-cluster --engine-version(major version) → "I can run an upgrade assessment — target version recommendation, prechecks, and pre/post checklists."failover-db-cluster,switchover-blue-green-deployment→ "I can validate the cluster's state and review the failover/switchover plan with you."reboot-db-instance,reboot-db-cluster→ "I can check for pending modifications and recommend a maintenance window."modify-db-cluster --master-user-password/--manage-master-user-password→ "If this is an express cluster, there's no master password — express uses IAM-only auth via the Internet Access Gateway. I can walk you through generating an IAM auth token to connect. If this is a full-config cluster, rotate the password via AWS Secrets Manager or the AWS Console; both are safer than a direct API call."--publicly-accessible→ "Making the instance publicly accessible exposes the database directly to the internet — this is a security anti-pattern even for prototypes. Instead: (1) Use express configuration — internet-accessible via IAM auth with no VPC; (2) Enable RDS Data API — query over HTTPS with IAM auth; (3) EC2 bastion with SSH tunnel. I can help you set up any of these."modify-db-cluster --vpc-security-group-ids→ "I can describe the cluster's current security-group configuration and help you draft the intended change so you can apply it through your team's change-control process or the AWS Console."modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-parameter-group-name→ "I can review the current parameter group and compare it against the target group (highlighting reboot-required parameters) so you can prepare the change for your team's change-control process or the AWS Console."
Never omit paragraph 2. A refusal without an alternative is incomplete.
Reference loading. Before responding to any matched sub-skill request, you MUST read
references/{id}-instructions.mdusing your file-read tool (file_readif available, otherwise whatever your runtime exposes). Do not answer a matched sub-skill from the registry summary alone. Announce the path in your reply.Express is a single CLI call. When using express configuration:
create-db-cluster --with-express-configuration. Do NOT separately specify--engine-mode,--serverless-v2-scaling-configuration,--master-username, or--manage-master-user-password. The express flag sets all of these automatically.Stay in scope. Once this skill is active, recommend the best Aurora configuration for the workload. Do not suggest non-AWS alternatives. For light workloads, recommend express with scale-to-zero.
Never fabricate. Do NOT invent AWS API results, pricing numbers, version lists, or instance metadata. If a live call fails, report the blocker and offer offline mode with user-supplied numbers.
Carry context forward. Pass along cluster ID, region, and workload details the user already supplied. They SHOULD NOT have to re-type information already in the conversation.
Broad requests. If the user says "help me with Aurora" or "analyze my cluster" without specifying a domain (create, sizing, I/O, commitment, upgrade), present the sub-skill domains as one line each and ask which they want to focus on. Do NOT silently pick a sub-skill and run it. Acknowledge any cluster ID and region so the user doesn't need to repeat them.
Out-of-scope topics. If the user asks about an Aurora feature not covered by a sub-skill (e.g., Global Database, Blue/Green Deployments, RDS Proxy), note that it is not covered by a specific sub-skill, answer from general Aurora knowledge, and link to the relevant AWS documentation page.
Credential safety. Do not create, store, or display long-lived credentials or DB passwords. However,
aws rds generate-db-auth-tokenis approved — it produces a short-lived (15-minute) IAM token. This is the required connection method for express clusters. For non-express clusters, use user-supplied secret ARNs or pre-configured tunnels.Present results clearly. Use tables with dollar figures, ACU numbers, and recommendation labels. Do NOT show derivation or arithmetic steps. Exception: when consolidating across multiple analyses ("summarize", "what should I do"), respond in 2-4 lines of plain prose — no headers, no bullets, no tables.
Scripts
Bundled scripts in scripts/ for offline analysis. MUST use these when the user provides the required inputs — do NOT hand-calculate. Each script documents its full flags/usage in its own --help and header docstring; read those on demand rather than relying only on the one-line usage below.
Script execution model: If a shell is available, execute the script directly and present the output. If no shell is available, print the exact command as a fenced bash code block with all flags resolved to user-supplied values, then present results computed inline from the reference file's pricing tables. (Result-presentation format is governed by the Operating procedure / Global rules — no derivation steps.)
| Script | Purpose | Usage |
|---|---|---|
acu_calculator.py | Aurora serverless ACU sizing | python3 scripts/acu_calculator.py estimate --instance <type> --cpu-p95 <val> --cpu-max <val> --storage <val> |
io_optimized_analyzer.py | I/O-Optimized breakeven | python3 scripts/io_optimized_analyzer.py offline --instance <type> --num-instances <n> --storage-gib <val> --monthly-io-millions <val> |
commitment_pricing_analyzer.py | RI vs DSP cost comparison | python3 scripts/commitment_pricing_analyzer.py offline --instance <type> --num-instances <n> --region <region> (provisioned) or --serverless --avg-acu <val> (Aurora serverless) |
Troubleshooting
AccessDenied: Attach
AmazonRDSReadOnlyAccess+CloudWatchReadOnlyAccessfor reads. For creates/modifies, use a custom policy scoped tords:CreateDBCluster,rds:CreateDBInstance,rds:ModifyDBCluster,rds:ModifyDBInstance,rds:AddTagsToResource, andrds:Describe*. See Identity and access management for Amazon Aurora.ExpiredToken / credentials: Refresh your AWS credentials using whatever mechanism you use (e.g. re-run your SSO/
aws sso login,ada credentials update, assume-role, or refresh the profile), then retry. Do not assume a specific credential tool.DBClusterNotFoundFault: Verify region and cluster ID.
Throttling: Retry once, then narrow scope.
Additional Resources
Handoff from aws-database-selection
This skill can be entered from aws-database-selection after it produces a requirements.json. When you see a path matching aws_dbs_requirements/*/requirements.json in conversation:
Read the artifact. Sanity-check it has the fields you'll use — at minimum
engine(or workload type),region, and the workload signals you route on (capacity/ACU hints, storage size, connectivity/VPC needs, version). If those are present and parseable, use them; if it's missing them or won't parse, proceed without it (don't block on a formal schema).Acknowledge relevant facts in 1-2 bold sentences.
Scope-check: if the artifact doesn't match Aurora (e.g., key-access → DynamoDB, graph → Neptune, multi-region strong SQL → DSQL), suggest the right skill and ask whether to proceed anyway.
Continue with this skill's sub-skill routing.
Files
- ATTRIBUTION.mdAdded by AutoGineer936 B
- LICENSELicence file added by AutoGineer9.9 KiB
- NOTICELicence file added by AutoGineer67 B
- SKILL.md19.0 KiB
- references/commitment-pricing-basics.md5.4 KiB
- references/commitment-pricing-instructions.md7.3 KiB
- references/commitment-pricing-mechanics.md6.0 KiB
- references/commitment-pricing-scenarios.md4.4 KiB
- references/commitment-pricing-skipped-cluster.md4.1 KiB
- references/commitment-pricing-worked-examples.md5.8 KiB
- references/create-instructions.md7.3 KiB
- references/express-create-comparison.md7.6 KiB
- references/express-create-connect-iam.md2.8 KiB
- references/express-create-constraints.md9.4 KiB
- references/express-create-documentation-links.md3.8 KiB
- references/express-create-feature-overview.md7.4 KiB
- references/express-create-instructions.md7.8 KiB
- references/express-create-migration-pgdump.md2.0 KiB
- references/express-create-migration.md7.5 KiB
- references/express-create-use-cases.md7.7 KiB
- references/io-optimized-data-collection.md4.2 KiB
- references/io-optimized-instructions.md6.9 KiB
- references/io-optimized-pricing-tables.md6.3 KiB
- references/io-optimized-pricing.md3.0 KiB
- references/io-optimized-worked-examples.md4.6 KiB
- references/serverless-advisory-concepts.md3.2 KiB
- references/serverless-advisory-formulas-and-examples.md4.5 KiB
- references/serverless-advisory-instructions.md7.0 KiB
- references/serverless-advisory-migration.md6.9 KiB
- references/serverless-advisory-worked-examples.md7.2 KiB
- references/shared-foundation-security-considerations.md5.4 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-documentation-links.md2.1 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-instructions.md5.6 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-lts-recommendation.md4.9 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-mode-b-discovery.md4.9 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-mode-b-prechecks-checklists.md4.7 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-post-checklist.md2.9 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-post-upgrade-detail.md6.4 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-post-upgrade-validation.md4.2 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-pre-checklist.md2.2 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-prechecks-postgresql.md7.0 KiB
- references/upgrade-planning-query-load-postgresql.md6.6 KiB
- scripts/acu_calculator.pyScript35.8 KiB
- scripts/commitment_pricing_analyzer.pyScript32.5 KiB
- scripts/io_optimized_analyzer.pyScript25.8 KiB
references/upgrade-planning-query-load-postgresql.md
Aurora PostgreSQL — Query Load Analysis & Explain Plan Review
Purpose
Identify the top queries generating load, run EXPLAIN on them, and flag plan patterns that behave differently after a major version upgrade (e.g., PG 14→15, 15→16, 16→17).
Step 1: Get Top 5 Queries by Load
Using pg_stat_statements (must be enabled)
SELECT queryid, query, calls, total_exec_time::numeric(12,2) AS total_time_ms,
mean_exec_time::numeric(12,2) AS avg_time_ms,
rows, shared_blks_hit, shared_blks_read
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE dbid = (SELECT oid FROM pg_database WHERE datname = current_database())
ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 5;Fallback: pg_stat_activity snapshot (running queries)
SELECT pid, now() - query_start AS duration, state, query
FROM pg_stat_activity
WHERE state = 'active' AND query NOT LIKE '%pg_stat_activity%'
ORDER BY duration DESC LIMIT 5;Step 2: Run EXPLAIN on Each Query
For each Step 1 query, run:
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, FORMAT JSON) <query>;For data-modifying queries (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE), wrap in a rollback:
BEGIN;
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, FORMAT JSON) <query>;
ROLLBACK;For parameterized queries ($1, $2...), substitute representative values or use:
EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) <query with literal values>;Step 3: Flag Upgrade-Impacting Patterns
Analyze each EXPLAIN output for these patterns, by target version:
🔴 Critical — Behavior Changes That Impact Performance
| Pattern in EXPLAIN | Versions Affected | Why It Matters | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
Sort Method: external merge (disk sort) | PG 15+ | PG 15 replaced polyphase merge sort with a balanced k-way merge and improved on-disk sorts exceeding work_mem; large sorts may spill differently. Per-operation hash memory accounting via hash_mem_multiplier arrived in PG 13; PG 15 only raised its default from 1.0 to 2.0, so hash-heavy plans get ~2x work_mem after a 14→15 upgrade. | Tune work_mem and hash_mem_multiplier. Test on snapshot cluster. |
HashAggregate with Batches > 1 (spilling) | PG 15+ | Hash aggregation disk spill improved but changed; memory accounting differs. | Monitor temp_blks_written. Tune work_mem or hash_mem_multiplier. |
Nested Loop with high actual rows on inner | PG 14+ | PG 14 introduced enable_memoize; optimizer may add Memoize nodes changing plan shape. | Usually beneficial. If regression, set enable_memoize=off per query. |
JIT compilation on short queries | PG 12+ (any upgrade) | JIT (LLVM expression/tuple compilation) arrived in PG 11, enabled by default since PG 12. On short/OLTP queries the planner can still trigger JIT when estimated cost exceeds jit_above_cost, adding compilation latency. Not PG14-specific — verify JIT thresholds on any upgrade from PG 12 onward. | Adjust jit_above_cost, jit_inline_above_cost, jit_optimize_above_cost or disable JIT for OLTP. |
🟡 Warning — Optimizer Behavior Differences
| Pattern in EXPLAIN | Versions Affected | Why It Matters | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
Parallel Seq Scan or Parallel Hash Join | PG 14→15→16 | Parallel thresholds and costing refined each version; plans may gain or lose parallelism. | Compare max_parallel_workers_per_gather. Test on snapshot. |
Index Scan vs Bitmap Index Scan choice | All major upgrades | Cost model updates may flip index scan strategy. | Compare via EXPLAIN on test cluster. Usually fine. |
Incremental Sort | PG 13+ | When upgrading from PG 12 or earlier, incremental sort may change plans for ORDER BY with partial indexes. | Usually beneficial. Monitor. |
Merge Join on large tables | PG 16+ | PG 16 improved merge join costing; may choose merge join where hash join ran before. | Benchmark on test cluster. |
Large Rows Removed by Filter (bad estimates) | All versions | A major upgrade does NOT carry over optimizer statistics (pg_upgrade does not transfer pg_statistic), so the planner has none until you run ANALYZE. Skipping this can cause severe plan regressions and slow queries. | Run ANALYZE on all tables post-upgrade. |
SubPlan (correlated scalar subquery) | Aurora PG 16.8+ (NOT core PG16) | Aurora can transform a single-aggregate correlated subquery in SELECT/WHERE into an outer join, and/or add a Memoize subquery cache. Aurora-specific, from Aurora PostgreSQL 16.8 (Babelfish 4.2.0), controlled by apg_enable_correlated_scalar_transform (default OFF) and apg_enable_subquery_cache (default OFF). Opt-in; do NOT activate automatically on a PG15→16 upgrade. | Optional: test on a snapshot, then set ON in the parameter group if beneficial. Validate per AWS-documented limitations (aggregate-only, plain equality correlation, no GROUP BY/HAVING). See Aurora correlated subquery optimization. |
🟢 Clean — No Upgrade Impact
| Pattern | Notes |
|---|---|
Simple Index Scan / Index Only Scan | Stable across versions. |
Seq Scan on small tables | No behavioral change. |
CTE Scan (non-recursive) | PG 12+ inlines CTEs by default. |
Append for partitioned tables | Partition pruning stable since PG 11. |
Step 4: Generate Recommendations
For each flagged query, provide:
The query (truncated to first 200 chars if long)
Current stats (calls, avg time, rows, shared buffers)
The problematic EXPLAIN pattern found
The version change causing the behavioral difference
Specific action: parameter to tune, index to add, or test on snapshot cluster
Key PostgreSQL Optimizer Changes by Version
PG 14
Memoize node for nested loops
Improved extended statistics
Better handling for many-connection workloads
PG 15
Improved sort (balanced k-way merge replaces polyphase merge; leaner in-memory sorts)
hash_mem_multiplierdefault raised 1.0 → 2.0MERGEcommand (SQL-standard merge)pg_stat_statementstracks JIT stats
PG 16
Improved parallelism for
FULLandRIGHTjoinsBetter merge join costing
pg_stat_ioview for I/O statisticsLogical replication improvements
PG 17
Incremental backup support
Improved vacuum performance
Better memory management for large operations
Enhanced JSON functionality
Improved planner for complex joins
Important Notes
Always run
ANALYZEon all tables after a major version upgrade (a major upgrade does not transfer thepg_statistictable, so tables start with no statistics; skipping this can cause severe plan regressions and slow queries)Consider
REINDEXon critical indexes after upgradeMonitor
pg_stat_user_tablesfor sequential-scan increases
Requirements and compatibility
Works with: Claude Code, Claude apps, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Kiro, OpenCode, Goose, Amp, Roo Code, JetBrains Junie, Factory Droid, Devin (ex-Windsurf), Mistral Vibe, OpenHands, Letta
“Works with” means the tool reads the open Agent Skills format; a skill written for one tool may use features others lack.
Needs: Needs an MCP server, Needs Python
Security
What our scanner noticed· Low risk
- Scripts that your agent may run
This skill includes scripts that your agent may run. Read them before you use it.
A static scan is not a guarantee. Skills are third-party content: review a skill before you let an agent use it.
Attribution and licence
- Published by
- AWS
- Publisher
- AWS (Official)
- Source
- aws/agent-toolkit-for-aws · skills/specialized-skills/database-skills/amazon-aurora-postgresql · commit 0a218f8
- Licence
- Apache License 2.0 (redistribution allowed)
- LICENSE (added by AutoGineer from LICENSE)
- NOTICE (added by AutoGineer from NOTICE)
- ATTRIBUTION.md (written by AutoGineer)
- Synced
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