Matlab Generate Ble Waveform

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From the author

Generate Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) PHY waveforms. Read BEFORE writing any BLE waveform code to avoid hallucinating API patterns. Covers bleWaveformGenerator, bleIdealReceiver, bleCTEIQSample, bleAngleEstimate, bluetoothTestWaveform for LE1M/LE2M/LE500K/LE125K. Bluetooth Toolbox R2022a+.

— the description by MathWorks

AutoGineer summary

Written by AutoGineer from the skill’s own files, not by the author

This skill provides a structured approach to generating, simulating, and analyzing Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) physical layer waveforms. It covers the use of core MATLAB functions such as bleWaveformGenerator, bleIdealReceiver, and bleAngleEstimate to support tasks ranging from basic waveform creation to complex direction-finding (CTE) pipelines, RF-PHY compliance testing, and BER simulations. The skill emphasizes correct configuration for LE1M, LE2M, and Coded PHY modes while adhering to Bluetooth 5.1+ specifications.

What it does

Generates BLE PHY waveforms for LE1M, LE2M, LE500K, and LE125K modes.
Simulates direction-finding pipelines using Constant Tone Extension (CTE) for AoA/AoD.
Performs RF-PHY compliance testing and transmitter measurements like PAPR and OBW.
Models receiver performance through BER simulations and WLAN coexistence scenarios.
Configures advertising and data channel PDUs with custom access addresses and whitening.
Provides visualization patterns for IQ samples and spectral analysis.

When to use it

When generating BLE PHY waveforms for simulation or testing.
When implementing direction-finding (AoA/AoD) using CTE.
When performing RF-PHY compliance or transmitter performance measurements.
When simulating receiver sensitivity and BER under noise or interference.
When comparing different BLE PHY modes or analyzing spectral characteristics.

Advantages

Ensures adherence to BLE specification constraints regarding PHY modes and channels.
Provides standardized patterns for complex tasks like CTE pipelines and multi-packet bursts.
Prevents common API hallucinations by enforcing correct parameter usage.
Includes robust conventions for spectral analysis and visualization.
Facilitates accurate simulation of practical receiver impairments.

Usage examples

“Generate an LE2M BLE waveform for channel 15 with a random payload.”: The agent provides a script using bleWaveformGenerator with Mode set to 'LE2M' and ChannelIndex set to 15, ensuring the symbol rate is correctly calculated as 2 Msym/s.
“How do I simulate a CTE connection-oriented packet for direction finding?”: The agent provides a code snippet using bleWaveformGenerator with DFPacketType set to 'ConnectionCTE', followed by the appropriate IQ sampling and angle estimation workflow.
“Show me how to calculate the Bit Error Rate for an LE1M signal.”: The agent generates a loop-based script that iterates through SNR values, applies AWGN to the generated waveform, and uses bleIdealReceiver to calculate the error rate.
“Can I use LE2M for advertising on channel 37?”: The agent correctly identifies this as a specification violation and refuses the request, explaining that advertising channels (37-39) are restricted to LE1M or Coded PHYs.

Install

Download the skill as a ZIP:
https://mp-staging.autogineer.com/agent-skills/matlab/matlab-generate-ble-waveform/download

Unzip it into the cross-client skills folder of your project:

mkdir -p .agents/skills && unzip matlab-generate-ble-waveform.zip -d .agents/skills

Documentation by MathWorks

BLE Waveform Generation

Routing

Intent	Cues	Pattern
Basic generation	"generate", "waveform"	Single-Mode
Compare modes	"compare", "all modes"	All-Mode
Direction finding	"CTE", "AoA", "AoD"	CTE
RF-PHY compliance	"compliance", "RF-PHY"	RF-PHY Test
Coexistence	"WLAN", "interference"	WLAN Coexistence
TX measurements	"PAPR", "OBW", "power"	TX Measurements
Localization	"RSSI", "beacon", "distance"	RSSI Localization
BER/receiver	"BER", "noise", "sensitivity"	BER Simulation
Multi-packet	"burst", "IFS"	Multi-Packet
Spectrum	"spectrum", "spectral mask"	Spectral Analysis
Whitening	"whitening", "scrambling"	Whitening Comparison
Impairments	"CFO", "practical", "realistic"	End-to-End

Default (ambiguous request): LE1M, 37-byte payload, channel 37.

When To Use

Use this skill when the user asks to generate, simulate, or analyze BLE PHY-layer waveforms — including mode comparisons, CTE/direction finding, RF-PHY compliance testing, BER simulations, TX measurements, WLAN coexistence, or RSSI localization. Applies to any task involving bleWaveformGenerator, bleIdealReceiver, bleCTEIQSample, bleAngleEstimate, or bluetoothTestWaveform.

When Not To Use

BR/EDR (Classic Bluetooth) → use bluetoothWaveformGenerator (covered by a separate BR/EDR skill)
Channel Sounding (CS) → use bleCSWaveform(bleCSConfig) (R2024b+); CS has its own ranging/distance-measurement pipeline and is not part of PHY waveform generation
Network-level simulation → use bluetoothLENode for link-layer/network modeling
Path loss modeling → use bluetoothPathLoss for propagation/channel modeling

PHY Modes

Mode	symbolRate	Data Rate	Coding	Duration (37 B)
`"LE1M"`	1e6	1 Mbps	None	~336 us
`"LE2M"`	2e6	2 Mbps	None	~172 us
`"LE500K"`	1e6	500 kbps	FEC S=2	~974 us
`"LE125K"`	1e6	125 kbps	FEC S=8	~2768 us

References

For detailed guidance beyond what's in this file, see:

functionalAPI.md — Full API reference for bleWaveformGenerator Name-Value pairs
phy-modes-and-timing.md — Detailed timing calculations per PHY mode
cte-direction-finding.md — CTE pipeline: generation, IQ sampling, constraints
direction-finding.md — AoA/AoD angle estimation with bleAngleEstimate
rfphy-compliance-testing.md — RF-PHY test waveform patterns and config
transmitter-measurements.md — OBW, PAPR, power measurement patterns
practical-receiver-simulation.md — BER simulation and impaired receiver
wlan-coexistence.md — WLAN interference and coexistence scenarios
rssi-localization.md — RSSI beacon and distance estimation patterns
data-whitening.md — Whitening on/off comparison and internals

Parameters (bleWaveformGenerator)

Param	Default	Range
`Mode`	`"LE1M"`	LE1M, LE2M, LE500K, LE125K
`ChannelIndex`	37	0-39
`SamplesPerSymbol`	8	>=1 (use >=4 for plots)
`WhitenStatus`	`"On"`	On, Off
`DFPacketType`	`"Disabled"`	Disabled, ConnectionCTE, ConnectionlessCTE
`AccessAddress`	adv default	32-bit binary col vector
`ModulationIndex`	0.5	[0.45, 0.55]
`PulseLength`	1	[1, 4]

Core Recipe

messageBits = randi([0 1], payloadLenBytes*8, 1);
waveform = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, ...
    Mode=phyMode, SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ...
    ChannelIndex=ch, WhitenStatus="On");
symbolRate = 1e6 + 1e6*(phyMode=="LE2M");
fs = symbolRate * sps;

Patterns

All-Mode Comparison

phyModes = ["LE1M","LE2M","LE500K","LE125K"];
sps = 8;
messageBits = randi([0 1], 37*8, 1);
figure; tl = tiledlayout(4,2,TileSpacing="compact",Padding="compact");
title(tl,"BLE - All PHY Modes")
for idx = 1:4
    wf = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, ...
        Mode=phyModes(idx), SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37, WhitenStatus="On");
    sr = 1e6 + 1e6*(phyModes(idx)=="LE2M");
    fs = sr*sps; t = (0:length(wf)-1)/fs*1e6;
    nexttile; plot(t,real(wf),t,imag(wf))
    xlabel("Time (\mus)"); ylabel("Amplitude"); title(phyModes(idx)+" - IQ")
    legend("I","Q"); grid on; xlim([0 min(80,t(end))])
    nexttile; N=length(wf); f=(-N/2:N/2-1)*(fs/N)/1e6;
    plot(f, 20*log10(abs(fftshift(fft(wf)))/N+eps))
    xlabel("Frequency (MHz)"); ylabel("dB"); title(phyModes(idx)+" - Spectrum")
    grid on; xlim([-3 3]); ylim([-80 0])
end

Multi-Packet Burst (T_IFS = 150 us)

sps = 8; fs = 1e6*sps;
messageBits = randi([0 1], 37*8, 1);
ifsGap = complex(zeros(round(150e-6*fs), 1));
burst = complex(zeros(0,1));
for pkt = 1:3
    wf = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, Mode="LE1M", SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37);
    burst = [burst; wf; ifsGap]; %#ok<AGROW>
end

Round-Trip Decode

messageBits = randi([0 1], 37*8, 1); sps = 8;
wf = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, Mode="LE1M", SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37, WhitenStatus="On");
rxBits = bleIdealReceiver(wf, Mode="LE1M", SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37, WhitenStatus="On");
assert(isequal(rxBits, messageBits))

Data Channel + Custom Access Address

accessAddr = randi([0 1], 32, 1);
wf = bleWaveformGenerator(randi([0 1],27*8,1), ...
    Mode="LE2M", SamplesPerSymbol=8, ChannelIndex=9, ...
    AccessAddress=accessAddr, WhitenStatus="On");
fs = 2e6 * 8;

CTE Generation

messageBits = randi([0 1], 20*8, 1); sps = 8; fs = 1e6*sps;
wf_noCTE = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, Mode="LE1M", ...
    SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=10, WhitenStatus="On");
wf_conn = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, Mode="LE1M", ...
    SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=10, WhitenStatus="On", DFPacketType="ConnectionCTE");
wf_cless = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, Mode="LE1M", ...
    SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=10, WhitenStatus="On", DFPacketType="ConnectionlessCTE");

% CTE appends unmodulated constant tone for antenna switching (typ. 72-216 us)
cteDelta_conn_us = (length(wf_conn) - length(wf_noCTE)) / fs * 1e6;
cteDelta_cless_us = (length(wf_cless) - length(wf_noCTE)) / fs * 1e6;

CTE Full Pipeline (Tx → Rx → Angle)

pduHex = '02049B03270102030405';  % 10-byte PDU (>=6 bytes needed for >=11 IQ samples)
pdu = int2bit(hex2dec(reshape(pduHex, 2, [])'), 8, false);
pdu = pdu(:);
cfgCRC = crcConfig(Polynomial="z^24+z^10+z^9+z^6+z^4+z^3+z+1", ...
    InitialConditions=int2bit(hex2dec('555551'),24), DirectMethod=true);
pduCRC = crcGenerate(pdu, cfgCRC);
txWf = bleWaveformGenerator(pduCRC, ChannelIndex=36, DFPacketType="ConnectionlessCTE");
[~, ~, iqSamples] = bleIdealReceiver(txWf, ChannelIndex=36, ...
    DFPacketType="ConnectionlessCTE", SlotDuration=2);
cfgAngle = bleAngleEstimateConfig;
cfgAngle.ArraySize = 4; cfgAngle.SlotDuration = 2; cfgAngle.SwitchingPattern = [1 2 3 4];
angle = bleAngleEstimate(iqSamples, cfgAngle);

Alternative (R2022a+): iqSamples = bleCTEIQSample(cteSamples, Mode="LE1M", SlotDuration=2);

BER Simulation

messageBits = randi([0 1], 100*8, 1); sps = 8; phyMode = "LE1M";
snrValues = 0:4:20; berResults = zeros(size(snrValues));
for idx = 1:length(snrValues)
    wf = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, Mode=phyMode, SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=5, WhitenStatus="On");
    sigPower = mean(abs(wf).^2);
    rxWf = awgn(wf, snrValues(idx), 10*log10(sigPower));
    rxBits = bleIdealReceiver(rxWf, Mode=phyMode, SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=5, WhitenStatus="On");
    n = min(length(messageBits), length(rxBits));
    berResults(idx) = sum(messageBits(1:n) ~= double(rxBits(1:n))) / n;
end
semilogy(snrValues, berResults, "-o"); xlabel("SNR (dB)"); ylabel("BER"); grid on

bleIdealReceiver returns int8 — cast with double(). For Eb/No conversion: snr = convertSNR(EbNo,"ebno","snr",SamplesPerSymbol=sps).

RF-PHY Test Waveform

cfg = bluetoothTestWaveformConfig;
cfg.Mode = "LE1M"; cfg.PayloadLength = 37;
cfg.PacketType = "Disabled"; cfg.ModulationIndex = 0.5;
testWf = bluetoothTestWaveform(cfg);

rfCfg = bluetoothRFPHYTestConfig;
rfCfg.Test = "Output power"; rfCfg.Mode = "LE1M";
rfCfg.PayloadLength = 37; rfCfg.OutputPower = 0; rfCfg.CenterFrequency = "Mid";

WLAN Coexistence

sps = 8; fs = 1e6*sps;
bleWf = bleWaveformGenerator(randi([0 1],37*8,1), Mode="LE1M", SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37, WhitenStatus="On");
t = (0:length(bleWf)-1)'/fs;
wlanInterferer = 0.1*complex(randn(length(bleWf),1),randn(length(bleWf),1)) .* exp(1j*2*pi*3e6*t);
combined = bleWf + wlanInterferer;
CIR_dB = 10*log10(mean(abs(bleWf).^2) / mean(abs(wlanInterferer).^2));

TX Measurements (Power, OBW, PAPR)

sps = 8; wf = bleWaveformGenerator(randi([0 1],255*8,1), Mode="LE1M", ...
    SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37, WhitenStatus="On", ModulationIndex=0.5);
fs = 1e6*sps; N = length(wf);
avgPower_dBm = 10*log10(mean(abs(wf).^2)) + 30;
spec = abs(fftshift(fft(wf))).^2; cumP = cumsum(spec)/sum(spec);
f = (-N/2:N/2-1)*(fs/N);
occBW_MHz = (f(find(cumP>=0.995,1)) - f(find(cumP>=0.005,1))) / 1e6;
papr_dB = 10*log10(max(abs(wf).^2) / mean(abs(wf).^2));

Whitening Comparison

bits = randi([0 1], 37*8, 1); sps = 8;
wfOn  = bleWaveformGenerator(bits, Mode="LE1M", SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37, WhitenStatus="On");
wfOff = bleWaveformGenerator(bits, Mode="LE1M", SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=37, WhitenStatus="Off");

Advertising PDU (ADV_IND)

cfgAdv = bleLLAdvertisingChannelPDUConfig;
cfgAdv.PDUType = "Advertising indication";
cfgAdv.AdvertiserAddress = "A1B2C3D4E5F6";
cfgAdv.AdvertiserAddressType = "Random";
cfgAdv.AdvertisingData = "0201060709546573744245020A00";
pduBits = bleLLAdvertisingChannelPDU(cfgAdv);
wf = bleWaveformGenerator(pduBits, Mode="LE1M", SamplesPerSymbol=8, ChannelIndex=37);

PDUType values: "Advertising indication", "Scan request", "Scan response", "Connection indication", "Advertising direct indication", "Advertising non connectable indication". Addresses: 12-char hex string (no colons). AdvertisingData: hex string (length-type-value AD structs).

Data Channel PDU

cfgData = bleLLDataChannelPDUConfig;
cfgData.LLID = "Data (start fragment/complete)";
cfgData.SequenceNumber = 1;
cfgData.NESN = 0;
cfgData.MoreData = false;
payload = dec2hex(randi([0 255], 50, 1))';  % 50-byte hex payload
payload = reshape(payload', 1, []);
pduBits = bleLLDataChannelPDU(cfgData, payload);
wf = bleWaveformGenerator(pduBits, Mode="LE2M", SamplesPerSymbol=8, ChannelIndex=15);

LLID values: "Data (continuation fragment/empty)", "Data (start fragment/complete)", "Control". SequenceNumber (not SN). Payload: hex string, numeric vector [0,255], or n×2 char array.

End-to-End (Practical Receiver)

Uses helperBLEPracticalReceiver (AGC + CFO + timing recovery). Requires: openExample('bluetooth/BLEPracticalReceiverExample'). SNR conversion for coded modes: SNR = EbNo + 10*log10(codeRate) - 10*log10(sps).

CTE Compatibility

Mode	ConnectionCTE	ConnectionlessCTE
LE1M	Yes	Yes
LE2M	Yes	No
LE500K	No	No
LE125K	No	No

CTE requires data channels (0-36). Never use ChannelIndex 37/38/39 with DFPacketType≠"Disabled". CTE is a data-channel-only feature.

Spec Constraints

Ch 37/38/39 (advertising): LE1M or LE Coded only. NOT LE2M.
CTE: LE1M/LE2M on data channels (0-36) only. Never coded PHY.
Access address: Advertising = '8E89BED6' (fixed); data = random.
Whitening init: Auto from ChannelIndex. Not settable.
T_IFS: 150 us. TX power: max +20 dBm. Mod index: 0.45-0.55.
bleIdealReceiver: Hard-decision only, returns int8.
"Slots" (1-slot, 3-slot, 5-slot): BR/EDR concept only. BLE has no slot-based packets.
ISO streams: Verify BN × IRC × Sub_Interval <= ISO_Interval. If math exceeds, REFUSE.

Invalid Combos (REFUSE these requests)

Request	Why Invalid
LE2M + FEC coding	FEC only exists in coded PHY (LE500K/LE125K)
LE2M on ch 37/38/39	Primary advertising = LE1M or Coded only
CTE + LE500K/LE125K	CTE restricted to LE1M/LE2M per BLE 5.1 spec
ConnectionlessCTE + LE2M	ConnectionlessCTE = LE1M only
"3-slot" or "5-slot" BLE	Slot-based = BR/EDR; BLE uses single packets
CTE on ch 37/38/39	CTE = data channels (0-36) only
ISO params where BN×IRC×Sub_Int > ISO_Interval	Sub-events exceed interval = impossible scheduling

Conventions

fs = (1e6 + 1e6*(mode=="LE2M")) * sps — never hardcode
Axes: us (time), MHz (freq), dB (power)
tiledlayout/nexttile (not subplot)
Spectrum: always 20*log10(abs(fftshift(fft(wf)))/N + eps) — do NOT use periodogram, pspectrum, or pwelch for BLE spectral plots
xlim([0 min(80,t(end))]) for coded modes
Plot both I and Q: plot(t, real(wf), t, imag(wf))
IFS gap: complex(zeros(N,1)) (output is complex)
SamplesPerSymbol>=4 for spectrum plots; SPS=1 is valid for generation but insufficient for visualization or accurate spectral analysis (at Nyquist limit)

Code Style

Generated scripts must follow MathWorks example conventions. Use %% section headers, softcode all parameters, and comment non-obvious logic.

Structure & Softcoding

Divide scripts with %% headers: Configuration → Waveform Generation → Processing → Analysis → Visualization. All user-configurable values as named variables at the top; no magic numbers in processing logic.

%% Configuration
% Specify BLE waveform generation parameters.

phyMode = "LE1M";                               % PHY transmission mode
payloadLength = 37;                             % Payload length in bytes
sps = 8;                                        % Samples per symbol
channelIndex = 37;                              % BLE channel index (0-39)

% Derived parameters
symbolRate = 1e6 + 1e6*(phyMode=="LE2M");       % 2 Msym/s for LE2M, 1 Msym/s otherwise
fs = sps * symbolRate;                          % Sample rate in Hz
numBits = payloadLength * 8;                    % Payload length in bits

%% Waveform Generation
% Generate BLE waveform from random payload bits.

messageBits = randi([0 1], numBits, 1);
waveform = bleWaveformGenerator(messageBits, ...
    Mode=phyMode, SamplesPerSymbol=sps, ChannelIndex=channelIndex);

Comments

Inline (right-aligned): units, range, or brief purpose — % Eb/No in dB
Block (above 2-5 lines): intent or why — % IFS gap must be complex (bleWaveformGenerator output is complex)
Constraints: spec reference — % LE2M uses 2 Msym/s (only mode with 2x symbol rate)
Do NOT comment self-evident lines, every line mechanically, or closing end statements

Naming

camelCase: messageBits, txWaveform, symbolRate, channelIndex
Descriptive loop counters: countMode, pktIdx (not i, j)
Named constants: bitsPerByte = 8, tIFS = 150e-6
Multi-init: [numErrors, perCount] = deal(0, 0)

Gotchas

Mistake	Fix
`bleWaveformConfig(...)`	Does not exist. Use `bleWaveformGenerator(bits, NV...)` directly
`bluetoothWaveformGenerator` for BLE	BR/EDR only. Use `bleWaveformGenerator`
`comm.BLEReceiver`	Does not exist. Use `bleIdealReceiver`
`symbolRate=1e6` for LE2M	LE2M = 2e6
`'PHYMode'` as param name	Use `'Mode'`
`'LECODED'` as mode	Use `"LE500K"` or `"LE125K"`
Config object as 1st arg	Must be binary col vector `randi([0 1],N,1)`
Empty `[]` bits	Minimum 1 byte
Real `zeros()` for IFS	Use `complex(zeros(N,1))`
CTE + coded modes	CTE only on LE1M/LE2M
`ConnectionlessCTE` + LE2M	LE1M only
LE2M on ch 37/38/39	Spec violation. Use LE1M or Coded
`CTELength`/`CTEType` as NV args	Not valid. Use `DFPacketType`
`bleAngleEstimate(wf, NV...)`	Use `bleAngleEstimate(iqSamples, bleAngleEstimateConfig)`
`bleWaveformGenerator` for RF-PHY	Use `bluetoothTestWaveformConfig` + `bluetoothTestWaveform`
AWGN without oversampling correction	Use `convertSNR(EbNo,"ebno","snr",SamplesPerSymbol=sps)`; pass explicit power to `awgn` (never use `"measured"`)
`bleIdealReceiver` with impairments	Use `helperBLEPracticalReceiver`
Eb/No for coded modes without code rate	`SNR = EbNo + 10log10(codeRate) - 10log10(sps)`
SPS=1 without warning	SPS=1 is at Nyquist limit — warn user: no spectral analysis, marginal decode performance
Timing ppm offset without `resample`	Apply clock drift via `resample(wf, 1e6+ppm, 1e6)` or fractional delay filter
Conformance Df1/Df2 without PRBS9	Use `comm.PNSequence` (z^9+z^5+1) for TP/TRM/CA/BV-05-C; separate stable-bit (Df1) from alternating-bit (Df2) patterns
`periodogram`/`pwelch` for BLE spectrum	Use manual `fftshift(fft(wf))` — skill convention
`SN` as property name	Use `SequenceNumber` on `bleLLDataChannelPDUConfig`
Address with colons `"A1:B2:..."`	Use 12-char hex string without colons: `"A1B2C3D4E5F6"`
`PDUType="ADV_IND"`	Use full string: `"Advertising indication"`
Binary vector as AdvertisingData	Use hex string: `"0201060709..."` (length-type-value)

Files

ATTRIBUTION.mdAdded by AutoGineer1.1 KiB
LICENSELicence file added by AutoGineer1.4 KiB
SKILL.md17.9 KiB
manifest.yaml432 B
references/cte-direction-finding.md1.6 KiB
references/data-whitening.md1.2 KiB
references/direction-finding.md3.3 KiB
references/functionalAPI.md17.6 KiB
references/phy-modes-and-timing.md2.9 KiB
references/practical-receiver-simulation.md13.4 KiB
references/rfphy-compliance-testing.md1.7 KiB
references/rssi-localization.md1.5 KiB
references/transmitter-measurements.md1.2 KiB
references/wlan-coexistence.md1.3 KiB

references/functionalAPI.md

Bluetooth Toolbox — Functional API Reference

Verified against official MathWorks documentation (2026-05-21). Use this file to avoid re-fetching web docs for Bluetooth Toolbox functions.

1. bleWaveformGenerator (R2022a)

Purpose: Generate BLE PHY waveform from message bits.

Syntax

waveform = bleWaveformGenerator(message)
waveform = bleWaveformGenerator(message, Name=Value)

Input: `message`

Binary-valued column vector (PDU + CRC data)
Maximum length: 2088 bits
Data types: double | single | int8 | logical

Name-Value Arguments

Parameter	Default	Valid Values	Notes
`Mode`	`"LE1M"`	`"LE1M"`, `"LE2M"`, `"LE500K"`, `"LE125K"`	PHY mode
`ChannelIndex`	`37`	0-39	Used by whitening block
`SamplesPerSymbol`	`8`	Positive integer	GFSK modulation
`WhitenStatus`	`"On"`	`"On"`, `"Off"`	Data whitening
`DFPacketType`	`"Disabled"`	`"Disabled"`, `"ConnectionlessCTE"`, `"ConnectionCTE"`	CTE enable
`AccessAddress`	Advertising default	32-bit column vector	Override access addr
`ModulationIndex`	`0.5`	[0.45, 0.55]	GFSK mod index
`PulseLength`	`1`	[1, 4] symbol intervals	Frequency pulse shape
`OutputDataType`	(inferred)	`"single"`, `"double"`	Output precision

Output: `waveform`

Complex column vector (Ns-by-1)
LE1M/LE2M: includes 40 extra bits (access address + preamble)
Data types: double | single

Critical Notes

No config object. bleWaveformConfig does NOT exist.
CTE is NOT configured via CTELength/CTEType NV args. CTE parameters are encoded in the PDU bits. Only DFPacketType enables CTE processing.
First arg must be binary column vector, not struct/object.
Symbol rate: LE2M = 2 MHz, all others = 1 MHz.

2. bleIdealReceiver (R2022a)

Purpose: Decode BLE PHY waveform. Returns bits, access address, and optionally CTE IQ samples.

Syntax

[bits, accessAddr] = bleIdealReceiver(waveform)
[bits, accessAddr] = bleIdealReceiver(waveform, Name=Value)
[bits, accessAddr, IQsamples] = bleIdealReceiver(___)

Input: `waveform`

Complex column vector (Ns-by-1)
Minimum Ns by mode:

Mode	Min Ns	Must be multiple of
LE1M	40×sps	sps
LE2M	48×sps	sps
LE500K	376×sps	2×sps
LE125K	376×sps	8×sps

Name-Value Arguments

Parameter	Default	Valid Values	Notes
`Mode`	`"LE1M"`	`"LE1M"`, `"LE2M"`, `"LE500K"`, `"LE125K"`	Must match generator
`ChannelIndex`	`37`	0-39	Must match generator
`SamplesPerSymbol`	`8`	Positive integer	Must match generator
`WhitenStatus`	`"On"`	`"On"`, `"Off"`	Must match generator
`DFPacketType`	`"Disabled"`	`"Disabled"`, `"ConnectionlessCTE"`, `"ConnectionCTE"`	Enables IQ output
`SlotDuration`	`2`	1, 2 (microseconds)	CTE slot duration
`ModulationIndex`	`0.5`	[0.45, 0.55]	GFSK trellis params
`PulseLength`	`1`	[1, 4]	Frequency pulse shape
`NoiseVariance`	`1`	Positive scalar (linear)	Input noise variance

Outputs

Output	Description	Type
`bits`	Recovered payload bits (max 260 bytes)	`int8` column vector
`accessAddr`	32-bit access address	`int8` column vector
`IQsamples`	CTE IQ samples (only when DFPacketType != "Disabled")	Complex column vector

Critical Notes

3rd output (IQsamples) only returned when DFPacketType is set to CTE mode.
All NV args (Mode, ChannelIndex, SamplesPerSymbol, WhitenStatus) must match the generator settings.
Performs ideal (noiseless reference) demodulation — no receiver impairments modeled.

3. bleCTEIQSample (R2022a)

Purpose: Extract IQ samples from CTE portion of a BLE waveform by performing IQ sampling at reference period and each sample slot.

Syntax

iqSamples = bleCTEIQSample(cteSamples)
iqSamples = bleCTEIQSample(cteSamples, Name=Value)

Input: `cteSamples`

Complex column vector (CTE portion only, not full waveform)
Size constraints:

Mode	Ns range	Must be multiple of
LE1M	[16×sps, 160×sps]	8×sps
LE2M	[32×sps, 320×sps]	16×sps

Name-Value Arguments

Parameter	Default	Valid Values	Notes
`Mode`	`"LE1M"`	`"LE1M"`, `"LE2M"`	Only uncoded modes
`SamplesPerSymbol`	`8`	Positive integer	—
`SlotDuration`	`2`	1, 2 (microseconds)	Switch/sample slot
`SampleOffset`	`4`	Depends on mode (see below)	Sampling point offset

SampleOffset range:

Mode	Range
LE1M	[sps/8, 7×(sps/8)]
LE2M	[sps/4, 7×(sps/4)]

Output: `iqSamples`

Complex column vector
Corresponds to 8 us reference period and SlotDuration

Critical Notes

Input is the CTE portion only — not the full BLE waveform.
Only LE1M and LE2M (no coded modes).
Alternative to using bleIdealReceiver 3rd output.

4. bleAngleEstimate (R2020b)

Purpose: Estimate AoA or AoD from IQ samples.

Syntax

angle = bleAngleEstimate(IQsamples, cfgAngle)

No name-value arguments. Only two positional inputs.

Input: `IQsamples`

Complex column vector
Corresponds to 8 us reference period and slot duration
Obtained from bleIdealReceiver (3rd output) or bleCTEIQSample

Input: `cfgAngle`

bleAngleEstimateConfig object (see below)

Output: `angle`

Scalar (azimuth only, when elevation = 0) OR
Two-element row vector [azimuth, elevation] (when custom array enabled)

Critical Notes

Does NOT take name-value args. Does NOT take a waveform directly.
Input must be pre-extracted IQ samples, not raw waveform.
Since R2020b (not R2021a).

5. bleAngleEstimateConfig (R2020b)

Purpose: Configuration object for bleAngleEstimate.

Syntax

cfgAngle = bleAngleEstimateConfig
cfgAngle = bleAngleEstimateConfig(Name=Value)

Properties

Property	Default	Valid Values	Description
`ArraySize`	—	Integer >=2 (ULA) or [M,N] (URA)	Antenna array size
`ElementSpacing`	`0.5`	Positive scalar <=0.5	Normalized spacing (wavelengths)
`SlotDuration`	`2`	1, 2	Switch/sample slot (us)
`SwitchingPattern`	—	Integer vector	Antenna switching order
`EnableCustomArray`	`false`	true/false	Use custom element positions
`ElementPosition`	—	3×N matrix	Normalized positions (custom only)

6. bluetoothWhiten (System Object, R2022b)

Purpose: Whiten or dewhiten data bits using LFSR (x⁷+x⁴+1).

Creation

whiten = bluetoothWhiten
whiten = bluetoothWhiten(Name=Value)

Properties

Property	Default	Valid Values	Tunable
`InitialConditionsSource`	`"Property"`	`"Property"`, `"Input port"`	No
`InitialConditions`	`[1;1;1;1;1;1;1]`	7-bit binary column vector (>=1 nonzero)	No

Calling

y = whiten(x)                    % uses InitialConditions property
y = whiten(x, initCondition)     % uses input port (requires InitialConditionsSource="Input port")

Notes

Same operation whitens and dewhitens (apply twice = original)
Channel-index-based init: initCond = [1; int2bit(channelIndex, 6)]
bleWaveformGenerator handles whitening internally when WhitenStatus="On"

7. bluetoothRFPHYTestConfig (R2022a)

Purpose: Configure BLE RF-PHY transmitter/receiver test parameters per RF-PHY.TS.p15.

Syntax

cfgRFPHYTest = bluetoothRFPHYTestConfig
cfgRFPHYTest = bluetoothRFPHYTestConfig(Name=Value)

Key Properties

Property	Default	Valid Values
`Test`	`"Output Power"`	13 test types (see below)
`Mode`	`"LE1M"`	`"LE1M"`, `"LE2M"`, `"LE125K"`, `"LE500K"`
`PayloadLength`	`37`	[31, 255] bytes
`PacketType`	`"Disabled"`	`"Disabled"`, `"ConnectionCTE"`
`CTELength`	`2`	[2, 20] (×8 us)
`CTEType`	`[0;0]`	`[0;0]`=AoA, `[0;1]`=AoD 2us, `[1;0]`=AoD 1us
`SamplesPerSymbol`	`8`	Positive integer
`ArraySize`	`4`	Integer >=2
`ElementSpacing`	`0.5`	<=0.5
`ModulationIndex`	`0.5`	[0.45, 0.55]
`NumPackets`	`1`	Positive integer

Test types: "Output Power", "Inband emissions", "Modulation characteristics", "Carrier frequency offset and drift", "Tx power stability", "C/I", "Blocking", "Intermodulation", "Receiver sensitivity", "Maximum input signal level", "PER report integrity", "IQ samples coherency", "IQ samples dynamic range"

Notes

This config goes to bluetoothTestWaveform (generation) and bluetoothTestWaveformValidate (validation).
CTELength/CTEType properties only available when PacketType="ConnectionCTE" and Mode is LE1M/LE2M.

8. bluetoothTestWaveformConfig (R2022a)

Purpose: Configure bluetoothTestWaveform for generating BR/EDR or LE test waveforms.

Syntax

cfgTestWaveform = bluetoothTestWaveformConfig
cfgTestWaveform = bluetoothTestWaveformConfig(Name=Value)

Key Properties

Property	Default	Valid Values	Notes
`Mode`	`"LE1M"`	`"LE1M"`, `"LE2M"`, `"LE125K"`, `"LE500K"`, `"BR"`, `"EDR2M"`, `"EDR3M"`	All BLE + BR/EDR
`PayloadType`	`0`	[0, 7]	Test payload pattern
`PayloadLength`	`255`	[0, 255] bytes	LE modes only
`PacketType`	`"Disabled"`	Mode-dependent (see below)	Test packet type
`SamplesPerSymbol`	`8`	Positive integer	—
`WhitenStatus`	`"On"`	`"On"`, `"Off"`	—
`WhitenInitialization`	`[1;1;1;1;1;1;1]`	7-bit binary vector	When WhitenStatus="On"
`ModulationIndex`	`0.5`	[0.45,0.55] LE, [0.28,0.35] BR/EDR	—
`PulseLength`	`1`	[1, 4]	LE modes only (R2023a+)
`CTELength`	`2`	[2, 20]	LE1M/LE2M + ConnectionCTE
`CTEType`	`[0;0]`	`[0;0]`, `[0;1]`, `[1;0]`	LE1M/LE2M + ConnectionCTE

PacketType by Mode:

LE1M/LE2M: "ConnectionCTE", "Disabled"
LE125K/LE500K: "Disabled" only
BR: "DH1", "DH3", "DH5", "DM1", "DM3", "DM5"
EDR2M: "2-DH1", "2-DH3", "2-DH5", "2-EV3", "2-EV5"
EDR3M: "3-DH1", "3-DH3", "3-DH5", "3-EV3", "3-EV5"

9. bluetoothTestWaveformValidate (R2024a)

Purpose: Validate BLE RF-PHY test waveform against test procedures.

Syntax (multiple forms based on test type)

crcError = bluetoothTestWaveformValidate(waveform, cfgRFPHYTest)
[waveformOut, avgFreqDev, avgCenterFreq, maxFreqDev] = bluetoothTestWaveformValidate(...)
[waveformOut, initFreqOffset, carrierFreqDrift] = bluetoothTestWaveformValidate(...)
[relativePhase, sumRelativePhase, angleRelativePhase, ...] = bluetoothTestWaveformValidate(...)
[meanAmpRefAntennas, meanAmpNonRefAntennas] = bluetoothTestWaveformValidate(...)

Inputs

Argument	Type	Description
`waveform`	Complex Ns-by-Np	Test waveform
`cfgRFPHYTest`	`bluetoothRFPHYTestConfig`	Test configuration

Minimum Ns by Mode

Mode	Min Ns	Multiple of
LE1M	248×sps	sps
LE2M	256×sps	sps
LE500K	1054×sps	2×sps
LE125K	3088×sps	8×sps

Notes

Output structure depends on which test is configured in cfgRFPHYTest.
Validates: blocking, C/I, carrier freq offset/drift, intermod, IQ coherency, IQ dynamic range, modulation characteristics, PER integrity.

10. bluetoothPathLoss (R2022b)

Purpose: Estimate path loss between Bluetooth BR/EDR or LE devices.

Syntax

pathLoss = bluetoothPathLoss(distance, cfgPathLoss)

Inputs

Argument	Type	Description
`distance`	Nonneg scalar or row vector (meters)	Device separation
`cfgPathLoss`	`bluetoothPathLossConfig` object	Path loss config

Output

Argument	Type	Description
`pathLoss`	Scalar or row vector (dB)	Estimated loss

11. bluetoothPathLossConfig (R2022b)

Purpose: Configure path loss model for bluetoothPathLoss.

Syntax

cfgPathLoss = bluetoothPathLossConfig
cfgPathLoss = bluetoothPathLossConfig(Name=Value)

Properties

Property	Default	Valid Values	Notes
`Environment`	`"Outdoor"`	`"Home"`, `"Industrial"`, `"Office"`, `"Outdoor"`	Selects model
`TransmitterAntennaGain`	`0`	[-10, 10] dBi	—
`ReceiverAntennaGain`	`0`	[-10, 10] dBi	—
`TransmitterCableLoss`	`0`	Nonneg (dB)	—
`ReceiverCableLoss`	`0`	Nonneg (dB)	—
`TransmitterAntennaHeight`	`1`	Positive (meters)	Outdoor only
`ReceiverAntennaHeight`	`1`	Positive (meters)	Outdoor only
`PathLossExponent`	`2.2`	Positive scalar	Industrial only
`StandardDeviation`	`2.667`	Nonneg (dB)	Industrial/Outdoor
`RandomStream`	`"Global stream"`	`"Global stream"`, `"mt19937ar with seed"`	—
`Seed`	`73`	Nonneg scalar	When mt19937ar

PathLossModel (read-only, derived from Environment):

Outdoor → TwoRayGroundReflection
Industrial → LogNormalShadowing
Home/Office → NISTPAP02Task6

12. bleCSWaveform (R2024b)

Purpose: Generate BLE Channel Sounding PHY waveform.

Syntax

csPHYWaveform = bleCSWaveform(cfgChannelSounding)
[csPHYWaveform, accessAddress] = bleCSWaveform(cfgChannelSounding)

Input: `cfgChannelSounding`

A bleCSConfig object with properties:

Mode: "LE1M", "LE2M", "LE2M 2BT" (2BT since R2026a)
SamplesPerSymbol: positive integer
DeviceRole: "Initiator", "Reflector"
StepMode: 0, 1, 2, 3
ToneDuration: 80 (StepMode 0) or 10/20/40 (StepMode 2,3) microseconds
SequenceType: "Sounding Sequence", "Random Sequence"
SequenceLength: 32/96 (sounding) or 32/64/96/128 (random) bits

Outputs

Output	Type	Description
`csPHYWaveform`	Complex column vector	CS waveform
`accessAddress`	`int8` 32-bit vector	CS DRBG access address

Notes

Completely separate from bleWaveformGenerator — different API, different config.
Guard duration fixed at 10 us.
LE2M uses 2x multiplicative factor for sample counts.

Function Availability Timeline

Release	Functions Added
R2022a	`bleWaveformGenerator`, `bleIdealReceiver`
R2020b	`bleAngleEstimate`, `bleAngleEstimateConfig`
R2022a	`bleCTEIQSample`, `bluetoothRFPHYTestConfig`, `bluetoothTestWaveformConfig`, `bluetoothTestWaveform`
R2022b	`bluetoothWhiten`, `bluetoothPathLoss`, `bluetoothPathLossConfig`
R2024a	`bluetoothTestWaveformValidate`
R2024b	`bleCSWaveform`, `bleCSConfig`
R2026a	`bleCSConfig` adds `"LE2M 2BT"` mode

CTE Workflow Summary (Verified)

1. Build PDU bits with CTE info encoded in header
2. Append CRC: crcGenerate(pdu, cfgCRC)
3. Generate: bleWaveformGenerator(pduCRC, DFPacketType="ConnectionlessCTE", ChannelIndex=N)
4. Extract IQ:
   Option A: [bits, addr, iq] = bleIdealReceiver(waveform, DFPacketType="ConnectionlessCTE", SlotDuration=2)
   Option B: iq = bleCTEIQSample(cteSamples, Mode="LE1M", SlotDuration=2)
5. Estimate: angle = bleAngleEstimate(iq, bleAngleEstimateConfig(...))

NOT valid:

~~bleWaveformGenerator(..., CTELength=16, CTEType="AoA")~~ — these are NOT NV args
~~bleAngleEstimate(waveform, Mode=..., CTELength=...)~~ — takes (iqSamples, configObj)

Practical Receiver Helpers (Example-Based, R2022a)

These are NOT built-in functions — they ship as example helpers. Access via:

openExample('bluetooth/BLEPHYWithRFImpairmentsAndCorrectionsExample')

helperBLEImpairmentsInit

Purpose: Initialize RF impairment parameters struct.

initImp = helperBLEImpairmentsInit(phyMode, sps)

Output struct fields:

pfo — Phase/frequency offset object (set .FrequencyOffset, .PhaseOffset)
vdelay — Variable delay vector (timing drift)
dc — DC offset percentage

helperBLEImpairmentsAddition

Purpose: Apply all RF impairments to a BLE waveform.

txImpairedWfm = helperBLEImpairmentsAddition(txWaveform, initImp)

Applies: frequency offset → phase offset → timing drift → DC offset.

helperBLEPracticalReceiver

Purpose: Full practical receiver with impairment corrections.

[rxBits, accessAddress] = helperBLEPracticalReceiver(rxWaveform, rxCfg)

rxCfg struct fields:

Field	Value
`Mode`	PHY mode string
`SamplesPerSymbol`	sps
`DFPacketType`	`"Disabled"`
`ChannelIndex`	0-39
`AccessAddress`	32-bit binary vector
`CoarseFreqCompensator`	`comm.CoarseFrequencyCompensator` object
`PreambleDetector`	`comm.PreambleDetector` object

RX pipeline: AGC → DC removal → coarse CFO → matched filter → preamble detection → timing correction → demod → de-whiten.

helperBLEReferenceResults

Purpose: Compute Bluetooth spec reference BER/PER values.

[refBER, refPER, refEbNo] = helperBLEReferenceResults(phyMode, payloadLen)

Eb/No to SNR Conversion

% Uncoded (LE1M, LE2M):
snr = EbNo - 10*log10(sps);

% Coded (LE500K, rate=1/2):
snr = EbNo + 10*log10(1/2) - 10*log10(sps);

% Coded (LE125K, rate=1/8):
snr = EbNo + 10*log10(1/8) - 10*log10(sps);

Requirements and compatibility

Works with: Claude Code, Claude apps, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Kiro, OpenCode, Goose, Amp, Roo Code, JetBrains Junie, Factory Droid, Devin (ex-Windsurf), Mistral Vibe, OpenHands, Letta

“Works with” means the tool reads the open Agent Skills format; a skill written for one tool may use features others lack.

The author says: >=R2022a

Security

No issues found by our static scan· No issues found

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Attribution and licence

Created by

MathWorks

Publisher

MathWorks (Official)

Source

matlab/matlab-agentic-toolkit · skills-catalog/wireless-communications/matlab-generate-ble-waveform · commit 2a7f215

Licence

BSD 2-Clause License (redistribution allowed)

LICENSE (added by AutoGineer from LICENSE.md)
ATTRIBUTION.md (written by AutoGineer)

Synced

2026-11-08

AutoGineer is not affiliated with or endorsed by MathWorks.

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What it does

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Advantages

Usage examples

Install

Documentation by MathWorks

BLE Waveform Generation

Routing

When To Use

When Not To Use

PHY Modes

References

Parameters (bleWaveformGenerator)

Core Recipe

Patterns

All-Mode Comparison

Multi-Packet Burst (T_IFS = 150 us)

Round-Trip Decode

Data Channel + Custom Access Address

CTE Generation

CTE Full Pipeline (Tx → Rx → Angle)

BER Simulation

RF-PHY Test Waveform

WLAN Coexistence

TX Measurements (Power, OBW, PAPR)

Whitening Comparison

Advertising PDU (ADV_IND)

Data Channel PDU

End-to-End (Practical Receiver)

CTE Compatibility

Spec Constraints

Invalid Combos (REFUSE these requests)

Conventions

Code Style

Structure & Softcoding

Comments

Naming

Gotchas

Files

references/functionalAPI.md

Bluetooth Toolbox — Functional API Reference

1. bleWaveformGenerator (R2022a)

Syntax

Input: message

Name-Value Arguments

Output: waveform

Critical Notes

2. bleIdealReceiver (R2022a)

Syntax

Input: waveform

Name-Value Arguments

Outputs

Critical Notes

3. bleCTEIQSample (R2022a)

Syntax

Input: cteSamples

Name-Value Arguments

Output: iqSamples

Critical Notes

4. bleAngleEstimate (R2020b)

Syntax

Input: IQsamples

Input: cfgAngle

Output: angle

Critical Notes

5. bleAngleEstimateConfig (R2020b)

Syntax

Properties

6. bluetoothWhiten (System Object, R2022b)

Creation

Properties

Calling

Notes

7. bluetoothRFPHYTestConfig (R2022a)

Syntax

Key Properties

Notes

8. bluetoothTestWaveformConfig (R2022a)

Input: `message`

Output: `waveform`

Input: `waveform`

Input: `cteSamples`

Output: `iqSamples`

Input: `IQsamples`

Input: `cfgAngle`

Output: `angle`

Input: `cfgChannelSounding`