Nemo Automodel Recipe Development

NVIDIAOfficialCreated by NVIDIA

Skill
Tool integration
Data and AI
Apache-2.0
Medium risk

From the author

Create and modify NeMo AutoModel training and evaluation recipes, including YAML structure, builders, and execution flow.

— the description by NVIDIA

AutoGineer summary

Written by AutoGineer from the skill’s own files, not by the author

This skill provides a structured approach to creating and modifying training, fine-tuning, and evaluation recipes within the NeMo AutoModel framework. It covers the essential YAML configuration structure, the builder pattern used for component instantiation, and the execution flow of training loops. Users can learn how to define model targets, configure optimizers and schedulers, manage validation and checkpointing, and troubleshoot common recipe development issues.

What it does

Defines the YAML structure for NeMo AutoModel training and evaluation configurations.
Explains the builder pattern for instantiating models, optimizers, and dataloaders.
Details the execution flow from CLI invocation to the training and validation loop.
Provides guidance on configuring validation intervals, checkpointing, and resume paths.
Offers troubleshooting steps for common configuration, batching, and memory issues.
Outlines domain-specific recipe patterns for LLMs, VLMs, Diffusion, and Retrieval models.

When to use it

When creating a new training or fine-tuning recipe variant.
When modifying existing YAML configurations for model training or evaluation.
When debugging issues related to recipe construction or trainer execution.
When needing to understand how to register new recipes or override config values via CLI.

Advantages

Standardizes the recipe development process using a consistent builder pattern.
Enables flexible configuration through YAML and command-line overrides.
Provides clear guidelines for validation and checkpointing to ensure training stability.
Includes a structured approach to troubleshooting common configuration and runtime errors.

Usage examples

“How do I override the learning rate for my training run?”: You can override the learning rate directly from the command line using the --optimizer.lr flag, for example: automodel config.yaml --optimizer.lr 1e-4.
“How do I configure checkpointing in my recipe?”: Configure checkpointing in your YAML under the step_scheduler block by setting checkpoint_interval, and use the restore_from key with a path to resume training.

Install

Download the skill as a ZIP:
https://mp-staging.autogineer.com/agent-skills/nvidia/nemo-automodel-recipe-development/download

Unzip it into the cross-client skills folder of your project:

mkdir -p .agents/skills && unzip nemo-automodel-recipe-development.zip -d .agents/skills

Documentation by NVIDIA

NeMo AutoModel Recipe Development

Instructions

For recipe questions, answer with the smallest complete path to action:

Name the relevant recipe file or YAML section.
List the builder functions or config keys involved.
Include a minimal YAML or command example when the question asks how to configure something.
End with a local validation command or tiny CPU-compatible test.

For conceptual recipe questions, answer from this skill without inspecting the repository or loading other AutoModel skills unless the user asks you to edit files. Keep the response focused on recipe YAML, builders, CLI routing, tests, and local validation.

Use these compact answer patterns for common questions:

New finetuning recipe variant: start from the closest file under nemo_automodel/recipes/, update the model, dataset or dataloader, optimizer, loss, LR scheduler, step scheduler, and checkpoint builders, register a recipe alias only if adding a new recipe class, add example YAML under examples/, then add a tiny CPU-compatible unit test and run automodel <config.yaml>.
_target_ fields: describe _target_ as the fully qualified Python callable, explain that sibling keys become keyword arguments, show optimizer and dataset examples, and mention nested CLI overrides such as --optimizer.lr.
Validation and checkpointing: name step_scheduler.val_check_interval, step_scheduler.checkpoint_interval, validation_dataset, restore_from.path, and consolidated safetensors; include the minimal YAML snippet from this skill.

For validation and checkpointing, always name:

step_scheduler.val_check_interval for validation cadence.
step_scheduler.checkpoint_interval for save cadence.
validation_dataset as the validation dataloader source.
restore_from.path for resume.
Consolidated safetensors as the default checkpoint format for HF ecosystem compatibility.

Routing Boundary

Use this skill for recipe construction and execution-flow questions: YAML structure, _target_ callables, builder functions, validation datasets, checkpoint configuration, CLI route registration, and recipe-specific tests.

Do not use this skill for standalone distributed strategy selection, cluster launcher configuration, or model architecture onboarding unless the user is asking how those choices appear inside an AutoModel recipe YAML.

Recipe Architecture

Execution Flow

CLI (automodel config.yaml)
  -> app.py resolves the config's recipe target
    -> recipe script (e.g. train_ft.py) main(config_path)
      -> Recipe class .setup() builds all components
        -> .run_train_validation_loop() executes training

Recipe Class

Recipes inherit from BaseRecipe and implement two methods:

setup() -- builds model, optimizer, dataloader, loss, LR scheduler, step scheduler, and checkpoint config via builder functions.
run_train_validation_loop() -- executes the training and validation loop.

Builder Pattern

All components are constructed through dedicated builder functions:

build_model() -- instantiates the model from config
build_optimizer() -- creates optimizer (AdamW, etc.)
build_dataloader() -- sets up train and validation dataloaders
build_loss_module() -- creates the loss function
build_lr_scheduler() -- creates the learning rate scheduler
build_step_scheduler() -- creates the step scheduler controlling training progression
CheckpointingConfig -- configures checkpointing (built directly from the YAML checkpoint: block via RecipeConfig.checkpoint)

Infrastructure Application Order

Components are applied in this strict order after building:

PEFT (LoRA, etc.)
FP8 quantization
QAT (quantization-aware training)
Checkpoint load / restore
Parameter freezing
Sharding (FSDP2, Megatron-FSDP, DDP)
Device placement
torch.compile
Context parallelism hooks

YAML Config Anatomy

A complete recipe config follows this structure:

step_scheduler:
  max_steps: 1000
  num_epochs: 1
  grad_accumulation_steps: 4
  val_check_interval: 100
  checkpoint_interval: 500
  log_interval: 10

dist_env:
  master_addr: localhost
  master_port: 29500

rng:
  seed: 42

model:
  _target_: nemo_automodel.NeMoAutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained
  pretrained_model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
  dtype: float32
  # additional model kwargs passed to the constructor

compile:
  enabled: false
  backend: inductor

clip_grad_norm:
  max_norm: 1.0

distributed:
  strategy: fsdp2       # fsdp2 | megatron_fsdp | ddp
  dp_size: auto
  tp_size: 1
  cp_size: 1

loss_fn:
  _target_: torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss

dataset:
  _target_: nemo_automodel.datasets.squad.SquadDataset
  tokenizer_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
  max_seq_length: 2048

validation_dataset:
  _target_: nemo_automodel.datasets.squad.SquadDataset
  split: validation

packed_sequence:
  enabled: false

dataloader:
  batch_size: 4
  num_workers: 4
  pin_memory: true

optimizer:
  _target_: torch.optim.AdamW
  lr: 2.0e-5
  weight_decay: 0.01

lr_scheduler:
  _target_: nemo_automodel.schedulers.CosineAnnealingWarmup
  warmup_steps: 50
  min_lr: 1.0e-6

Full-Parameter Training Precision

For new full-parameter training with torch.optim.Adam/AdamW, explicitly set model.dtype: float32 on NeMoAutoModel loaders for fp32 master weights and Adam moments. Configure compute precision separately (FSDP2: distributed.mp_policy).

PEFT, TE FusedAdam, and diffusion need separate precision choices; see the mixed-precision guide. Validate memory, training behavior, and checkpoint/resume when migrating existing configs.

The `_target_` Pattern

The _target_ key specifies a fully qualified Python callable. All remaining keys in that section are passed as keyword arguments:

optimizer:
  _target_: torch.optim.AdamW   # callable
  lr: 2.0e-5                    # kwarg
  weight_decay: 0.01            # kwarg

This is equivalent to: torch.optim.AdamW(lr=2e-5, weight_decay=0.01).

CLI Overrides

Any config value can be overridden from the command line:

automodel config.yaml \
  --optimizer.lr 1e-4 \
  --step_scheduler.max_steps 500 \
  --distributed.tp_size 2

Examples

Validation and checkpointing:

step_scheduler:
  val_check_interval: 100
  checkpoint_interval: 500

validation_dataset:
  _target_: nemo_automodel.datasets.squad.SquadDataset
  split: validation

restore_from:
  path: /checkpoints/step-500

Domain-Specific Notes

LLM

nemo_automodel/recipes/llm/train_ft.py handles both finetuning and pretraining. The distinction is in the config (dataset, learning rate, etc.).
nemo_automodel/recipes/llm/kd.py implements knowledge distillation with a teacher and student model.
nemo_automodel/recipes/llm/benchmark.py runs throughput and latency benchmarks.

VLM

Uses NeMoAutoModelForImageTextToText instead of causal LM classes.
Config includes a processor section instead of a standalone tokenizer.
Recipe lives in nemo_automodel/recipes/vlm/finetune.py.

Diffusion

Uses NeMoAutoDiffusionPipeline.
Requires a parallel_scheme dict in config to define parallelism.
Only supports DDP and FSDP2 strategies (no Megatron-FSDP).
Recipe lives in nemo_automodel/recipes/diffusion/train.py.

Retrieval

Two encoder patterns:
- Bi-encoder (nemo_automodel/recipes/retrieval/train_bi_encoder.py): separate query and document encoders, contrastive loss.
- Cross-encoder (nemo_automodel/recipes/retrieval/train_cross_encoder.py): joint encoding, classification head.
Hard negative mining: nemo_automodel/recipes/retrieval/mine_hard_negatives.py.

Training Loop Details

The training loop follows this structure per epoch:

for epoch in range(num_epochs):
    for batch_idx in range(batches_per_epoch):
        # --- gradient accumulation inner loop ---
        for micro_batch in micro_batches:
            if pipeline_parallel:
                schedule.step(micro_batch)    # PP schedule
            else:
                loss = model(micro_batch)     # direct forward
                loss.backward()

        # --- optimizer step ---
        scale_grads_and_clip_grad_norm(model, max_norm)
        optimizer.step()
        lr_scheduler.step()
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        # --- logging ---
        MetricsSample(step, epoch, loss, grad_norm, lr, mem, tps, mfu)

        # --- validation (at configured intervals) ---
        if step % val_check_interval == 0:
            run_validation()

        # --- checkpoint (at configured intervals) ---
        if step % checkpoint_interval == 0:
            save_checkpoint()

StepScheduler

Controls all training progression: total epochs, total steps, gradient accumulation steps, validation interval, checkpoint interval, and logging interval.

Gradient Clipping

Applied via scale_grads_and_clip_grad_norm() after the backward pass and before the optimizer step. Controlled by clip_grad_norm.max_norm in config.

Context Parallelism

When cp_size > 1, batches are split across the context-parallel group using make_cp_batch_and_ctx(). This must happen before the forward pass.

MetricsSample

Each training step produces a MetricsSample with fields:

step -- global step count
epoch -- current epoch
loss -- training loss
grad_norm -- gradient norm after clipping
lr -- current learning rate
mem -- GPU memory usage
tps -- tokens per second
mfu -- model FLOPS utilization

Validation & Checkpointing

Validation

Runs at intervals defined by step_scheduler.val_check_interval.
Uses the validation dataloader built from validation_dataset config.
Model is set to eval mode; gradients are disabled.

Checkpointing

Default format: consolidated safetensors for easy deployment on HF ecosystem (always prefer this over DCP).
Checkpoint interval controlled by step_scheduler.checkpoint_interval.
Resume training via the restore_from config key pointing to a checkpoint directory.

restore_from:
  path: /checkpoints/step-500

Pitfalls

Problem	Cause	Fix
Silent config errors	Typo in `_target_` value	The class path must be a valid, importable Python callable. Double-check the module path and class name.
Training crashes at first step	`global_batch_size` not divisible by `local_batch_size * dp_size * grad_accumulation_steps`	Ensure the batch size math is consistent across all dimensions.
New recipe not accessible via CLI	Config is missing a resolvable `recipe` target	Set the config's `recipe` key to a discoverable recipe class name or a full dotted `_target_` path.
Shape mismatch at forward pass	Dataset collate function output does not match model input signature	Verify that the collate function returns tensors with the keys and shapes the model expects.
OOM during validation	Validation batch size too large or gradients not disabled	Wrap validation in `torch.no_grad()` and consider a smaller validation batch size.
Checkpoint restore fails	Mismatched model architecture between checkpoint and config	Ensure the model config matches the checkpoint exactly (layer count, hidden dim, vocab size).

Files

ATTRIBUTION.mdAdded by AutoGineer957 B
BENCHMARK.md7.5 KiB
LICENSELicence file added by AutoGineer11.2 KiB
SKILL.md11.7 KiB
evals/evals.json3.4 KiB
skill-card.md4.1 KiB
skill.oms.sig4.5 KiB

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Requirements and compatibility

Works with: Claude Code, Claude apps, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Kiro, OpenCode, Goose, Amp, Roo Code, JetBrains Junie, Factory Droid, Devin (ex-Windsurf), Mistral Vibe, OpenHands, Letta

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Attribution and licence

Created by

NVIDIA

Publisher

NVIDIA (Official)

Source

NVIDIA/skills · skills/nemo-automodel-recipe-development · commit fce3cca

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Apache License 2.0 (redistribution allowed)

LICENSE (added by AutoGineer from LICENSE-APACHE)
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2026-11-08

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