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Algorand Vulnerability Scanner

Trail of BitsOfficialPublished by Trail of Bits

  • Skill
  • Review and audit
  • Security
  • CC-BY-SA-4.0
  • No issues found

From the author

Scans Algorand smart contracts for 11 common vulnerabilities including rekeying attacks, unchecked transaction fees, missing field validations, and access control issues. Use when auditing Algorand projects (TEAL/PyTeal).
— the description by Trail of Bits

AutoGineer summary

Written by AutoGineer from the skill’s own files, not by the author

The Algorand Vulnerability Scanner provides a structured framework for auditing Algorand smart contracts. It focuses on 11 critical vulnerability patterns specific to the Algorand transaction model, such as rekeying attacks, unchecked fees, and access control issues. The skill enforces a rigorous reporting process, requiring a comprehensive coverage table for every audit to ensure that no security pattern is overlooked, regardless of whether a vulnerability is found.

What it does

  • Scans TEAL and PyTeal source code for 11 common Algorand-specific security vulnerabilities.
  • Generates a mandatory 11-point coverage table to ensure thorough audit documentation.
  • Integrates with Tealer for automated static analysis of smart contracts.
  • Provides detailed vulnerability reports including severity, location, and remediation code.
  • Offers a structured checklist for manual security sweeps of transaction fields and group logic.
  • Enforces explicit justification for why any specific vulnerability pattern might be considered not applicable.

When to use it

  • During the security review phase of an Algorand project development lifecycle.
  • When performing a pre-audit security assessment of stateful applications or smart signatures.
  • To validate the effectiveness of security fixes for previously reported vulnerabilities.
  • When training development teams on secure Algorand coding patterns.

Advantages

  • Prevents 'silent' audits by requiring a full 11-point coverage report.
  • Standardizes the reporting format for Algorand security findings.
  • Combines automated tool output with manual verification steps.
  • Reduces human error by providing a clear checklist for transaction field validation.

Usage examples

“Audit my Algorand smart contract in approval.py for security vulnerabilities.”
The agent will scan the file, run Tealer if available, and produce a report containing the 11-point coverage table and any identified vulnerabilities with remediation steps.
“Check my TEAL contract for rekeying and access control issues.”
The agent will perform a targeted review of the provided TEAL code, specifically focusing on rekeying and access control patterns, and report findings in the standard template.

Install

  1. Download the skill as a ZIP:

    https://mp-staging.autogineer.com/agent-skills/trailofbits/algorand-vulnerability-scanner/download
  2. Unzip it into the cross-client skills folder of your project:

    mkdir -p .agents/skills && unzip algorand-vulnerability-scanner.zip -d .agents/skills

Documentation by Trail of Bits

Algorand Vulnerability Scanner

1. Purpose

Systematically scan Algorand smart contracts (TEAL and PyTeal) for platform-specific security vulnerabilities documented in Trail of Bits' "Not So Smart Contracts" database. This skill encodes 11 critical vulnerability patterns unique to Algorand's transaction model.

2. When to Use This Skill

  • Auditing Algorand smart contracts (stateful applications or smart signatures)

  • Reviewing TEAL assembly or PyTeal code

  • Pre-audit security assessment of Algorand projects

  • Validating fixes for reported Algorand vulnerabilities

  • Training team on Algorand-specific security patterns

3. Platform Detection

File Extensions & Indicators
  • TEAL files: .teal

  • PyTeal files: .py with PyTeal imports

Language/Framework Markers
# PyTeal indicators
from pyteal import *
from algosdk import *

# Common patterns
Txn, Gtxn, Global, InnerTxnBuilder
OnComplete, ApplicationCall, TxnType
@router.method, @Subroutine
Project Structure
  • approval_program.py / clear_program.py

  • contract.teal / signature.teal

  • References to Algorand SDK or Beaker framework

Tool Support
  • Tealer: Trail of Bits static analyzer for Algorand

  • Installation: uv tool install tealer (ensure uv's tool bin dir is on PATH)

  • Usage: tealer contract.teal --detect all


4. How This Skill Works

When invoked, I will:

  1. Search your codebase for TEAL/PyTeal files

  2. Analyze each file for the 11 vulnerability patterns

  3. Report findings with file references and severity, above them a coverage table carrying a verdict for every pattern

  4. Provide fixes for each identified issue

  5. Run Tealer (if installed) for automated detection


5. Example Output

When vulnerabilities are found, you'll get a report like this:

=== ALGORAND VULNERABILITY SCAN RESULTS ===

Project: my-algorand-dapp
Files Scanned: 3 (.teal, .py)
Vulnerabilities Found: 2

Coverage: 11/11 patterns reported
 1 Rekeying Attack ................... found   approval.py:45
 2 Unchecked Transaction Fee ......... n/a     stateful app, fees paid by sender
 3 Closing Account ................... clear   Assert(Txn.close_remainder_to() == Global.zero_address())
 ... one row per pattern, all 11 present ...

---

[CRITICAL] Rekeying Attack
File: contracts/approval.py:45
Pattern: Missing RekeyTo validation

Code:
    If(Txn.type_enum() == TxnType.Payment,
        Seq([
            # Missing: Assert(Txn.rekey_to() == Global.zero_address())
            App.globalPut(Bytes("balance"), balance + Txn.amount()),
            Approve()
        ])
    )

Issue: The contract doesn't validate the RekeyTo field, allowing attackers
to change account authorization and bypass restrictions.

6. Vulnerability Patterns (11 Patterns)

I check for 11 critical vulnerability patterns unique to Algorand. For detailed detection patterns, code examples, mitigations, and testing strategies, see VULNERABILITY_PATTERNS.md.

Pattern Summary:
  1. Rekeying Attack ⚠️ CRITICAL - Unchecked RekeyTo field

  2. Unchecked Transaction Fee ⚠️ HIGH - Fee not validated in smart signatures

  3. Closing Account (CloseRemainderTo) ⚠️ CRITICAL - Unchecked CloseRemainderTo drains the account

  4. Closing Asset (AssetCloseTo) ⚠️ CRITICAL - Unchecked AssetCloseTo drains the asset holding

  5. Group Size Check ⚠️ HIGH - No Global.group_size() validation on atomic groups

  6. Time-Based Replay Attack ⚠️ MEDIUM - No lease or round-range bound

  7. Access Controls ⚠️ CRITICAL - Update/delete and privileged calls unprotected

  8. Asset ID Verification ⚠️ HIGH - Asset ID not validated in asset operations

  9. Denial of Service (Asset Opt-In) ⚠️ MEDIUM - Push transfers strand on un-opted accounts

  10. Inner Transaction Fee ⚠️ MEDIUM - Inner fee not explicitly set to 0

  11. Clear State Transaction ⚠️ HIGH - Clear state program cannot reject, state left inconsistent

For complete vulnerability patterns with code examples, see VULNERABILITY_PATTERNS.md.

7. Scanning Workflow

Step 1: Platform Identification
  1. Confirm file extensions (.teal, .py)

  2. Identify framework (PyTeal, Beaker, pure TEAL)

  3. Determine contract type (stateful application vs smart signature)

  4. Locate approval and clear state programs

Step 2: Static Analysis with Tealer
# Run Tealer on contract
tealer contract.teal --detect all

# Or specific detectors
tealer contract.teal --detect unprotected-rekey,group-size-check,update-application-check
Step 3: Manual Vulnerability Sweep

For each of the 11 vulnerabilities above:

  1. Search for relevant transaction field usage

  2. Verify validation logic exists

  3. Check for bypass conditions

  4. Validate inner transaction handling

Step 4: Transaction Field Validation Matrix

Create checklist for all transaction types used:

Payment Transactions:

  • [ ] RekeyTo validated

  • [ ] CloseRemainderTo validated

  • [ ] Fee validated (if smart signature)

Asset Transfers:

  • [ ] Asset ID validated

  • [ ] AssetCloseTo validated

  • [ ] RekeyTo validated

Application Calls:

  • [ ] OnComplete validated

  • [ ] Access controls enforced

  • [ ] Group size validated

Inner Transactions:

  • [ ] Fee explicitly set to 0

  • [ ] RekeyTo not user-controlled (Teal v6+)

  • [ ] All fields validated

Step 5: Group Transaction Analysis

For atomic transaction groups:

  1. Validate Global.group_size() checks

  2. Review absolute vs relative indexing

  3. Check for replay protection (Lease field)

  4. Verify OnComplete fields for ApplicationCalls in group

Step 6: Access Control Review
  • [ ] Creator/admin privileges properly enforced

  • [ ] Update/delete operations protected

  • [ ] Sensitive functions have authorization checks


8. Reporting Format

Coverage Table

Report on every pattern in §6, whether or not it turned anything up. Emit this table above the findings, with all 11 rows present:

#PatternVerdictEvidence
1Rekeying Attackfoundapproval.py:45 -- no Txn.rekey_to() assertion on the payment branch
2Unchecked Transaction Fee
3Closing Account (CloseRemainderTo)
4Closing Asset (AssetCloseTo)
5Group Size Check
6Time-Based Replay Attack
7Access Controls
8Asset ID Verification
9Denial of Service (Asset Opt-In)
10Inner Transaction Fee
11Clear State Transaction

Each verdict is one of:

  • found — cite file:line and write the finding up in full below.

  • clear — the pattern applies to this contract and the contract handles it. Name the field, opcode, or check you searched for, so a reader can repeat the search.

  • n/a — the pattern cannot apply here. Give the reason in one clause ("no inner transactions in this contract"). Not having looked is not n/a.

A table with fewer than 11 rows is an incomplete scan and must be reported as one. A row whose Verdict cell is empty is incomplete in the same way: row 1 above is filled in to show the shape, and every row is filled in the same way before the report is done. Eleven clear verdicts is a result a reader can act on. A report that covers four patterns and says nothing about the other seven reads exactly like a clean contract, and that is the failure this table exists to prevent.

Finding Template
## [SEVERITY] Vulnerability Name (e.g., Missing RekeyTo Validation)

**Location**: `contract.teal:45-50` or `approval_program.py:withdraw()`

**Description**:
The contract approves payment transactions without validating the RekeyTo field, allowing an attacker to rekey the account and bypass future authorization checks.

**Vulnerable Code**:
```python
# approval_program.py, line 45
If(Txn.type_enum() == TxnType.Payment,
    Approve()  # Missing RekeyTo check
)
```

**Attack Scenario**:
1. Attacker submits payment transaction with RekeyTo set to attacker's address
2. Contract approves transaction without checking RekeyTo
3. Account authorization is rekeyed to attacker
4. Attacker gains full control of account

**Recommendation**:
Add explicit validation of the RekeyTo field:
```python
If(And(
    Txn.type_enum() == TxnType.Payment,
    Txn.rekey_to() == Global.zero_address()
), Approve(), Reject())
```

**References**:
- building-secure-contracts/not-so-smart-contracts/algorand/rekeying
- Tealer detector: `unprotected-rekey`

9. Priority Guidelines

Critical (Immediate Fix Required)
  • Rekeying attacks

  • CloseRemainderTo / AssetCloseTo issues

  • Access control bypasses

High (Fix Before Deployment)
  • Unchecked transaction fees

  • Asset ID validation issues

  • Group size validation

  • Clear state transaction checks

Medium (Address in Audit)
  • Inner transaction fee issues

  • Time-based replay attacks

  • DoS via asset opt-in


10. Testing Recommendations

Unit Tests Required
  • Test each vulnerability scenario with PoC exploit

  • Verify fixes prevent exploitation

  • Test edge cases (group size = 0, empty addresses, etc.)

Tealer Integration
# Add to CI/CD pipeline
tealer approval.teal --detect all --json > tealer-report.json

# Fail build on critical findings
tealer approval.teal --detect all --fail-on critical,high
Scenario Testing
  • Submit transactions with all critical fields manipulated

  • Test atomic groups with unexpected sizes

  • Attempt access control bypasses

  • Verify inner transaction fee handling


11. Additional Resources


12. Quick Reference Checklist

Before completing Algorand audit, verify ALL items checked:

  • [ ] RekeyTo validated in all transaction types

  • [ ] CloseRemainderTo validated in payment transactions

  • [ ] AssetCloseTo validated in asset transfers

  • [ ] Transaction fees validated (smart signatures)

  • [ ] Group size validated for atomic transactions

  • [ ] Lease field used for replay protection (where applicable)

  • [ ] Access controls on Update/Delete operations

  • [ ] Asset ID validated in all asset operations

  • [ ] Asset transfers use pull pattern to avoid DoS

  • [ ] Inner transaction fees explicitly set to 0

  • [ ] OnComplete field validated for ApplicationCall transactions

  • [ ] Tealer scan completed with no critical/high findings

  • [ ] Unit tests cover all vulnerability scenarios

  • [ ] Coverage table emitted with all 11 rows, each carrying a verdict of found, clear or n/a with a reason


13. Rationalizations to Reject

  • "The contract is small, so most patterns obviously don't apply." Obvious to whom? An n/a costs one clause and makes the judgment reviewable. Silence records nothing, and a reader cannot tell it apart from not having checked.

  • "Tealer reported nothing, so the contract is clean." Tealer covers a subset of these 11 patterns and does not reach the logic-level ones at all. A clean tool run is one row of evidence, not a verdict on the patterns it never examined. Say which patterns it covered.

  • "I checked the patterns that matter for this contract." Deciding which patterns matter is the scan, not a precondition for starting it. Rank by severity after the table is complete, not by leaving rows out.

  • "No findings, so there is nothing to report." A zero-finding scan still emits the full coverage table. That table is the deliverable: it is what distinguishes a contract that was examined from one that was glanced at.

  • "PyTeal/Beaker handles this." Name the version and the mechanism. Framework defaults change between releases, and a framework that covers a pattern on one call path often does not on another.

  • "The RekeyTo check is in the other program." Then cite it. A validation you believe exists elsewhere is an assumption until you have the file:line, and split-program contracts are where these checks go missing.

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Requirements and compatibility

Works with: Claude Code, Claude apps, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Kiro, OpenCode, Goose, Amp, Roo Code, JetBrains Junie, Factory Droid, Devin (ex-Windsurf), Mistral Vibe, OpenHands, Letta

“Works with” means the tool reads the open Agent Skills format; a skill written for one tool may use features others lack.

Needs: Needs Python

Security

No issues found by our static scan· No issues found

A static scan is not a guarantee. Skills are third-party content: review a skill before you let an agent use it.

Attribution and licence

Published by
Trail of Bits
Publisher
Trail of Bits (Official)
Source
trailofbits/skills · plugins/building-secure-contracts/skills/algorand-vulnerability-scanner · commit e4dd0bb
Licence
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (redistribution allowed)
  • LICENSE (added by AutoGineer from LICENSE)
  • ATTRIBUTION.md (written by AutoGineer)
Synced

AutoGineer is not affiliated with or endorsed by Trail of Bits.

Download ZIP

The ZIP holds the skill’s files, its licence files and an ATTRIBUTION.md. Download algorand-vulnerability-scanner.zip